How do neurons primarily communicate with each other in the nervous system?

Neurons primarily communicate with each other through the process of synaptic transmission, which involves crossing the synapse—the small gap between two neurons. When an electrical impulse, or action potential, reaches the end of a neuron (axon terminal), it triggers the release of neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters are then released into the synaptic cleft and bind to specific receptors on the surface of the postsynaptic neuron. This binding can lead to either excitatory or inhibitory effects, depending on the type of neurotransmitter and receptors involved, ultimately influencing the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire its own action potential.

This mechanism is crucial because it allows for complex signaling between neurons, enabling the nervous system to process and transmit information efficiently. Synaptic communication is essential for various functions such as reflexes, motor control, and cognitive processes, distinguishing it from other forms of signaling, such as hormonal communication or direct electrical connections that are less common in neural interactions.