What is the function of the myelin sheath in a neuron?

The myelin sheath serves a critical role in neural function by insulating the axon of a neuron and facilitating faster transmission of electrical impulses. This fatty layer, which wraps around the axon, acts as an insulator much like the protective covering on electrical wires. By increasing the speed of impulse conduction through a process known as saltatory conduction, where the nerve impulse jumps between the gaps (nodes of Ranvier) in the myelin sheath, it significantly enhances the efficiency of communication within the nervous system.

In contrast, conducting impulses directly refers to the axon's role in transmitting signals, rather than the specific enhancement provided by myelin. Receiving signals from other neurons pertains to dendrites, which are structurally and functionally distinct from the myelin sheath. Storing neurotransmitters relates to synaptic vesicles at the nerve endings, a process that does not involve the insulation or transmission efficiency associated with myelin. Thus, the unique protective and speed-enhancing functions of the myelin sheath clearly validate its importance in neuronal communication.