Which component of a neuron is responsible for receiving information?

Dendrites are specialized structures of a neuron that play a critical role in receiving information from other neurons. They are tree-like extensions that branch out from the neuron's cell body, known as the soma. Their main function is to collect synaptic inputs from other neurons; they do this through receptor sites that bind neurotransmitters released across synapses. This ability allows dendrites to integrate signals, which can ultimately influence the neuron's firing patterns and relay information onward.

In contrast, while the soma does contain the nucleus and is vital for maintaining the neuron's life and function, it is not primarily responsible for receiving signals. Terminal buttons, located at the end of the axon, are responsible for releasing neurotransmitters into the synapse, effectively transmitting information rather than receiving it. The myelin sheath, on the other hand, is a protective covering that insulates the axon to promote faster electrical signal transmission, but it does not participate in the reception of signals. Thus, dendrites are the clear answer for their distinct role in gathering incoming neural information.